How are C++ objects laid out in memory?
Like C, C++ doesn’t define layouts, just semantic constraints that must be met. Therefore different implementations do things differently. Unfortunately, the best explanation I know of is in a book that is otherwise outdated and doesn’t describe any current C++ implementation: The Annotated C++ Reference Manual (usually called the ARM). It has diagrams of key layout examples. There is a very brief explanation in Chapter 2 of TC++PL. Basically, C++ constructs objects simply by concatenating sub objects.
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