Has biofeedback led to positive effects in SCI patients for urinary, bowel, respiratory, spasticity/clonus, or pain issues?
Biofeedback can produce positive effects on urinary incontinence, bowel control, respiration, spasticity, and clonus. It is ineffective for treating SCI-related chronic pain. Improved muscle tone and control of abdominal muscles can indirectly improve bowel and bladder control. Spasticity and clonus often decrease when improvements are made in voluntary motor signal strength. Previously ventilator-dependant subjects have improved the use of intercostal muscles, which assists breathing with the upper chest cavity (as opposed to diaphragmatic breathing), allowing these individuals to become ventilator independent. 8) How many sessions are usually required to achieve maximum results? Fifteen sessions are normally advised for a course of biofeedback treatment for SCI. 9) What physical factors determine the outcome of biofeedback treatments? To be effective, neural pathways must be exist between the brain and muscles that control desired functions. Neural signals over these connections may
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