Exim sometimes rejects messages with bad senders after the DATA and sometimes after the MAIL command. What is the difference?
A0831: The first time Exim encounters a particular bad sender, it rejects the message after the data has been received, so that it can log the headers. If the same sender re-appears within 24 hours, Exim assumes that the remote host has (in violation of RFC 821) not interpreted the previous 550 error code correctly, so this time it rejects the MAIL command. Some hosts don’t even managed to handle that, so if the same sender turns up for a third time within 24 hours, Exim accepts MAIL, but rejects every RCPT command instead.
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