Does ArcGIS for AutoCAD allow me to edit ArcGIS geodatabases via ArcGIS Server?
No, not yet. ArcGIS for AutoCAD does allow you to create and modify AutoCAD drawings that may contain data that was exported from a geodatabase; however, the mapping specification for drawings data would only be a copy of the geodatabase information. It is not intended to be a geodatabase editing solution without added workflow processes.