Do Good Apple and Pear Management Practices Promote the Development of Streptomycin-Resistant Erwinia amylovora?
The use of antibiotics in crop protection, and the subsequent emergence of antibiotic-resistant plant pathogens, has in many respects paralleled antibiotic use and resistance development in human and veterinary medicine. Streptomycin-resistant strains of Erwinia amylovora, the fire blight pathogen of apple and pear, have been found in widely separated geographic regions. The stars indicate regions with streptomycin-resistant Erwinia amylovora. Molecular analyses of streptomycin-resistant E. amylovora have revealed two genetically distinct mechanisms of resistance to streptomycin. One mechanism of resistance stems from a point mutation in a single codon of the chromosomal gene rpsL. The resulting amino acid substitution renders the bacterial ribosome insensitive to streptomycin. A second way in which bacteria become resistant to streptomycin is through the conjugative transfer of the genes strA and strB. These genes encode the enzyme streptomycin phosphotransferase, which inactivates st
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