Did ancient Sumer and Babylonia flourish in the Indus River Valley? If not, then who did?
It was the Indus Valley Civilization. Sumer and Babylonia existed to the west of the Indus Valley, near the Tigres and Euphrates Rivers. The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1700 BCE, flourished 2600–1900 BCE), abbreviated IVC, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys primarily in what is now Pakistan and western India, parts of Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Another name for this civilization is the Harappan Civilization, after the first of its cities to be excavated, Harappa. Although the IVC might have been known to the Sumerians as Meluhha, the modern world discovered it only in the 1920s as a result of archaeological excavations. The IVC is a likely candidate for a Proto-Dravidian culture. Proto-Munda, Proto-Indo-Iranian or a “lost phylum” are sometimes suggested for the language of the IVC (see Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit). The civilization is sometimes referred to as the Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilization or the Indus-Saraswa
