Can one draw significant and reliable conclusions about individual members of a given population on the basis of information about the population to which he or she belongs?
For almost all traits influenced by genetics, it is not possible to predict reliably an individual’s characteristics based on that person’s membership in a group defined by race. Because approximately 85 percent of the genetic variation present in the human population can be found in any relatively large group, each group has approximately the same range of variation in biological traits. A prominent exception involves biological traits that have been under intense selective pressure, such as skin color in people living near the equator, structural abnormalities of hemoglobin molecules in people living in malarial regions, and the ability to digest milk among adults in pastoral populations. Other exceptions consist of genetic variants that are concentrated in particular groups for historical or cultural reasons. Groups descended largely from a relatively small founding population may have genetic disorders that were present among the founders. Examples include lysosomal storage disease
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