Are there patterns that indicate particular causes of physical abuse?
Yes. Linear or tramline bruising can be caused due to being struck with a rod like instrument. Weapons such as an electrical cord, studded belt or dog collar can leave an imprint or negative image. Areas of bruising interspersed with small abrasions is consistent with being hit with a rope. There may be bands of bruises around wrists or ankles due to being tied up. Vertical bruising to the buttocks may occur, even if the child has been hit horizontally. All bruising showing an imprint of an object should have a clear explanation.
