Are the Effects of Age and Gender Changing the Personal Values of Japanese Executives?
* Virtuous Advocates (i.e., virtue leaders) are more concerned with helping the team to reach its goals than with realizing their own personal goals. They help the team reach its goals by being sensitive to the needs and feelings of their associates. The trust and integrity resulting from this other-centered, other-sensitive focus encourages associates to take risks and become innovative. In a validation study, Musser and Orke identified Mother Teresa and Mahatma Gandhi as individuals who fit this value type. * Independent Maximizers are more concerned with realizing their own goals than those of the team or organization. Unfortunately, they seek their personal goals in a detached, impersonal way that often ignores the needs and feelings of associates. Leaders with this type of value system are often viewed with a great deal of suspicion and mistrust. As a result, associates are unwilling to take risks and eventually become stagnant. According to the Musser and Orke validation study, D
