What is Vicarious Reinforcement?
(2 marks) Vicarious reinforcement is the situation in which a person will copy a piece of behaviour that is seen to have been rewarded in the model. 6) Summarise psychological research that has investigated cultural differences in levels of aggression. (4 marks) Cultural differences in aggression highlight that there is a learned (nurture) element to aggression. Bronfenbrenner (1970) had a sample of children, half of which were reared in the USA and half in Russia. In 1970, cooperation was key to the children’s upbringing in Russia, whereas, the children in the USA were encouraged to be independent and saw aggression in the media. 7) What do psychologists find is a common difference in aggression behaviour between males and females. (4 marks) Boys made more aggressive acts than girls. The boys in the aggressive conditions showed more aggression if the model was male than if the model was female. 8) Why does aggression result from Thanatos, according to Freud? (3 marks) By being aggress
