What is a nuclear orbitsphere?
• A quark is an orbitsphere with a fractional charge of +/- 1/3 or +/- 2/3. A gluon is a massive photon orbitsphere. Each quark is paired with a gluon in a charge density representing an l=1 spherical harmonic. Visually, this looks like a fat dumbbell. Free quarks and free gluons are radiative under the non-radiative boundary condition (described elsewhere) and are therefore not observed. A nucleon is made up of three quark/gluon orbitspheres. Each quark/gluon is aligned along a different axis of Cartesian space, with all of the “dumbbells” joined at the middle. One might note that this is analogous to electron orbitals. Indeed, one might expect that heavier nuclei have increasingly complex orbital structures just as electron shells do. However, this is currently outside the scope of CQM theory. Mills’ nuclear theory is less well-developed than his electron theory.
